Formula 1's New ADUO System: How the FIA Plans to Level the Playing Field Among 2026 Power Unit Suppliers
As Formula 1 prepares for a comprehensive technical overhaul in 2026, the FIA has unveiled the ADUO mechanism to ensure competitive balance across engine manufacturers. The governing body's initiative aims to prevent the performance disparities that have historically plagued the sport when major regulation changes take effect.
The motorsport world is bracing for significant technical changes arriving with the 2026 season, and the FIA is taking proactive measures to ensure no single power-unit manufacturer gains an overwhelming advantage during this period of transition.
F1Technical's senior writer Balazs Szabo has outlined the regulatory framework the FIA intends to employ, detailing how the newly introduced ADUO system will function as a safeguard against the kind of performance imbalances that typically emerge following sweeping technical revisions.
Rather than allowing the traditional competitive hierarchy to be entirely reshuffled by new regulations, the FIA's preventative approach seeks to maintain a more level competitive landscape among the various power-unit suppliers competing in Formula 1. The ADUO mechanism represents the governing body's commitment to ensuring that success in 2026 and beyond remains achievable for multiple manufacturers, rather than concentrating dominance in the hands of one or two well-resourced entities.
This proactive stance from the FIA demonstrates an understanding of how crucial balanced competition is to the sport's long-term appeal and integrity, particularly during transitions to new technical eras.
Original source
F1Technical
Related Regulations
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Full Regulation Text
Article 4.3
ADUO Operational and Financial Measures and Eligibility Criteria
Chapter: APPENDIX C5: HOMOLOGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POWER UNITS, FUEL AND OIL FOR 2026-2030
In Simple Terms
This rule gives struggling power unit manufacturers extra development opportunities to catch up. If a manufacturer's engine is 2-4% slower than the best engine, they get 1 extra upgrade per season for two seasons. If they're 4% or more behind, they get 2 extra upgrades per season instead. These upgrades are one-time grants and don't stack within the same season.
- ADUO (Aid to Disadvantaged Users of Older power units) provides extra homologation upgrades for manufacturers falling behind on performance
- Eligibility is based on ICE Performance Index: 2-4% gap = 1 upgrade per season; 4%+ gap = 2 upgrades per season
- Upgrades are granted for two consecutive seasons (N and N+1) but don't accumulate within a single season
- Manufacturers must also reduce their Cost Cap spending downward when receiving these benefits
Official FIA Text
At the end of each of the ADUO periods specified above, every PU Manufacturer granted ADUO may implement further upgrades to their homologated Power Unit (as described in Article 3.3 of this Appendix), extend the usage of their Power Unit Test Benches for Restricted Testing (as described in Article F5.2.7) and must make a downward adjustment for Cost Cap purposes (pursuant to Article 4.1(t) of the Power Unit Financial Regulations). a. PU Manufacturers whose ICE Performance Index is at least 2% but less than 4% below the best-performing ICE will be eligible for: i 1 additional homologation upgrade in season N ii 1 additional homologation upgrade in season N+1 b. PU Manufacturers whose ICE Performance Index is at least 4% below the best-performing ICE will be eligible for: i 2 additional homologation upgrades in season N ii 2 additional homologation upgrades in season N+1 ADUO homologation upgrades are not cumulative within a season and will only be granted following the first occasion that the PU Manufacturer is assessed by the FIA as eligible for ADUO according to the criteria in this Article. [The proposed 2% threshold and subsequent resolution of the ICE performance index will be validated or adjusted after conclusion of the ongoing activities between PU Manufacturers and F1 Teams related to the on-track ICE performance measurement]
Article 4.4
Application of ADUO homologations
Chapter: APPENDIX C5: HOMOLOGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POWER UNITS, FUEL AND OIL FOR 2026-2030
In Simple Terms
Power unit manufacturers can use engine upgrades (called ADUO homologations) that they've been granted in the current season, plus any upgrades they were approved for from the previous season. If they don't use an upgrade by the final race of the season, they lose it. Teams that don't get approved for upgrades in the first two review periods of the season can't try again in the final period.
- Manufacturers receive a limited number of engine upgrade slots per season based on performance-based grants
- Upgrades approved in the previous season carry over and stack with current season allowances
- Unused upgrades must be introduced by the final race or are forfeited permanently
- Missing upgrade approval in the first two periods disqualifies a manufacturer from the third period window
Official FIA Text
a. If a PU Manufacturer receives an ADUO grant for one or two ADUO homologation(s) upgrade(s) in season N, only the corresponding number of one or two ADUO homologation(s) is(are) permitted in that season in addition to any ADUO homologation(s) granted in season N-1 and applicable to season N. b. Any ADUO homologations awarded in season N-1 for use in season N will be in addition to those which may be granted in Season N. c. Any unused ADUO homologation upgrade awarded in season N for use in season N, if not introduced by the final Competition of the season, are forfeited. d. PU Manufacturers not granted ADUO following either of the first two ADUO Periods of season N are not eligible for ADUO in the last period of that season (as described in Article 4.2 of this Appendix). The FIA reserves the right to implement corrective actions, at its sole discretion, should the upgrades implemented under Article 3.3 result in a competitive imbalance. Any such actions will be discussed in good faith with all PU Manufacturers
Article 2.2
2026 Power Unit Regulations
Chapter: Chapter II - Power Unit Changes
In Simple Terms
2026 brings major engine rule changes. The complex MGU-H is removed to cut costs and attract new manufacturers. To compensate, the MGU-K becomes much more powerful and the battery is bigger. The goal is simpler, more sustainable power units that are still cutting-edge.
- MGU-H removed from power units
- MGU-K power increased significantly
- Larger energy store capacity
- Aims to attract new manufacturers
Official FIA Text
For 2026, the power unit will comprise a 1.6 litre V6 turbocharged internal combustion engine with a significantly enhanced electrical component. The MGU-H will be removed. The electrical power output will increase substantially with a more powerful MGU-K and larger energy store.
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